Doing Research on Vulnerable Populations or about Potentially Upsetting or Traumatic Topics

Introduction Researches on vulnerable populations or about potentially upsetting or traumatic topics are complex and often tackle sensitive issues hence causing mixed reactions. In this regard, diverse ethical concerns often emerge for researchers conducting extensive researches on these areas. According to Israel and Hay â€Å"Vulnerable people cannot safeguard their rights and interests† (2006, p.71).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doing Research on Vulnerable Populations or about Potentially Upsetting or Traumatic Topics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, if people do not put proper measures in place, researches on vulnerable populations pose distinct risks. Most of them remain unknown or complex to vulnerable people. Vulnerable populations mostly comprise of physically handicapped people, educationally disadvantaged, mentally disabled, and economically disadvantaged (Abernathy Azarnoff 1990, p. 91). It, therefore, calls for a lot of emphasis on accountability in execution of diverse ethical researches. It also describes best practices in conducting researches for researchers as well as institutions. Moreover, the code specifies distinct responsibilities held by researchers as they conduct their studies. The paper discusses the ethical concerns raised, how the ethical concerns arise, and how they may manifest themselves in research. Moreover, it points out the steps researchers must take in order to protect their respondents with distinct reference to children and individuals who engage in criminal activities. Ethical concerns for researchers There exist many ethical concerns for researchers involved in research on vulnerable populations or about potentially upsetting or traumatic topics. One of the utmost ethical concerns that arise when conducting these researches is confidentiality and anonymity. Researchers experience significant dilemmas when addressing the privacy of people involved in the researches (Katz 1972, p. 26). Ensuring the privacy of all participants involved in these kinds of researches, who mainly comprise of vulnerable persons or people involved in traumatic scenarios, is a strenuous task. It requires the researchers to work assiduously towards meeting diverse requirements. This calls for utmost care when addressing diverse issues affecting vulnerable people to avoid infringing on their rights as stipulated by the laws. According to Getz and Borfitz (2002, p. 38), vulnerable people include children, pregnant women, prisoners, racial minorities, neonates, Human fetuses, institutionalized, and extremely sick people.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Researches on vulnerable population involve obtaining data through interaction and intervention with individuals or intimate information from affected individuals. Consequently, these researc hes touch on intricate matters, which require a lot of caution when addressing them. If experts do not put appropriate measures in place, these researches will cause irreparable damages to vulnerable populations under study. On the other hand, research about potentially traumatic or upsetting events may result into diverse pernicious effects to people’s lives if people do not put in place regulations on the way they ought to conduct them. In this regard, governments and other institutions all over the world have come up with diverse regulations that provide additional safeguards for how researchers conduct these researches. In Australia, regulation of researches is of considerable essence. Therefore, usage of various regulations requires utmost considerations. For instance, an extensive code referred to as â€Å"the Australian Code for Responsible Conduct of Research† (Geggie 2004, p, 345) influences and guides the way of managing and conducting researches. The Austral ian code guides researchers on how to respect autonomy and privacy of all research participants in order to eliminate infringement of their rights and encroachment on their private lives. Moreover, informed consent is another main ethical concern for researchers involved in doing researches on vulnerable populations or about potentially upsetting or traumatic topics. As Edwards and Alldred (1999) point out, an â€Å"informed consent is paramount in conducting any research as it eliminates misunderstandings during the research process† (p. 265). The main principles of informed consent revolve around informing participants of what research entails, the essence of their involvements, and what others expect of them during the research processes. An informed consent involves explicit acts, for instance having a written agreement with the participants. In addition, participants must have a thorough understanding of what the research entails so that they can be able to make autonomo us choices on whether they will participate in the research. More importantly, informed consent must be a voluntary endeavor devoid of coercion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doing Research on Vulnerable Populations or about Potentially Upsetting or Traumatic Topics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As guidelines for conducting research in Australia recommend, any consent must be easily renegotiable as these enable participants to discuss easily in case they feel discontented with the progress of the research. The ethical concerns of protecting the participants from harms that may result from the research also confront the researchers. Having safe and private location to conduct a research on contentious issues affecting the society is a prime concern for many researchers. The researches have to show that they have no egotistical objectives when conducting these researches. According to Cashmore (2006), â€Å" †¦practices of breaching the confidentiality of participants in a research can have detrimental effects† (p.972). Compromising on confidentiality is tantamount to causing the failure of the research. Consequently, introducing an elaborate plan addressing privacy of vulnerable people involved in the researches is paramount in maintaining anonymity, as well as confidence of the participants. The process of balancing the desire to protect research participants from potential harms posed by the research, while allowing the participants to benefit from the research results is overwhelming. As Spriggs (2007) reckons, â€Å"identifying main benefits as well as harms to research participants is a strenuous task to many researchers† (p. 18). The code used in Australia clearly stipulates diverse responsibilities of researchers in addressing main issues in their researches. It is necessary for researchers to comply with the stipulated ethical principles of respect for partici pants, beneficence, integrity, and justice (Bessant 2006, p. 52). The code provides guidelines for protecting animal and human participants used in diverse researches. The code also offers guidelines on the researchers’ rights available in the Australia law and advices researches on the way forward when confronted with research misconduct. Another ethical concern for researchers is on the payment of the people who participate in their researches. As Kellet and Ding (2004, p. 168) point out, no definite or clear consensus exist on whether participants should receive any payment for their participation in the researches. Determining the rewards to offer to the participants is a paramount concern to the researchers.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different groups that either oppose or support the payment of research participants are everywhere in the current world. As Hill (2005, p. 51) reckons, some researchers have negative views about participants payment terming it as an inducement or bribery, while others view payment of participants as a fair and justified recompense. In Australia, this ethical issue is still a hot debate with both sides presenting valid arguments justifying their action concerning the remuneration of research participants. How the ethical concerns arise and manifest themselves in research In the majority of researches conducted on vulnerable populations or about potentially upsetting or traumatic topics, ethical concerns often arise due to Myriad factors. One key factor is choosing inappropriate place to meet the participants thus encroaching on their privacy leading to loss of confidentiality and autonomy. This results from the failure of the researcher to identify a confidential location that is mut ually agreeable by both the researcher and participants. Contacting the participant in locations, he or she feels uncomfortable leads to souring of the relationship between the two. This ethical concern may manifest itself in the lack of participants, as many of them will be unwilling to engage in the research because their privacy inferred with rights. In addition, the research might face legal obligations as participants can sue him or her because of infringing their rights by displaying vital information concerning their private lives. The code used in Australia stipulates that it is the responsibility of a researcher to manage storage and maintain confidentiality of data collected during the research. The poor presentation of the researches is another factor that causes ethical concerns. As the participants are vulnerable and exposed to diverse challenges including physical and health challenges, poor dissemination or presentation of the research objectives is detrimental. For i nstance, meeting people with hearing disabilities in a noisy place drastically reduces their hearing abilities. Moreover, use of complex terms to present the project limits understanding capabilities of vulnerable people especially those with disabilities. As Glannon (2005) reckons, â€Å"the ways researchers represent their researches is vital as it dictates the success of the research† (p.58). The ethical issue of misinformed consent manifests itself in the research by inhibiting the success of the research, as many potential participants will be unwilling to give information that is vital in the execution of the project. In addition, diverse conflicts may arise due to misunderstanding between the researcher and participants. This can have detrimental effects on the research, as its progress will come to a halt due to conflicts. Failure to conduct an extensive study on the efficacy of remunerations in the research results in diverse challenges. Depending on the participants involved in the research, different remunerations play pivotal roles in the success of the project. Thus, it is imperative for the researcher to conduct an extensive study to determine the most appropriate approach to use when remunerating participants in his or her research. In some instances, using coercion results in a lot of criticism from stakeholders especially those who view it as unprofessional method of conducting research. However, others do not oppose coercion and view it as a way of attaining the main objectives of the research. This can result to reduced participation in the research. Steps researchers must take to protect their respondents The inclusion of vulnerable persons including children, people engaged in legal activities, and comatose or traumatized persons and use of potentially upsetting or traumatic topics in researches calls for usage of effective steps that will protect research respondents. We as researchers must practice a lot of caution when using chil dren and people engaged in illegal activities to avoid infringing their rights. The first step is to offer extensive training to the respondents on how to conduct themselves during the entire research process. The research should strive to ensure the provision of proper training to all the respondents prior to the commencement of the research. When using children, it is imperative to ensure that the children receive ample training concerning their role, as well as the essence of the research (Ellman 1992, p.64). On the other hand, when using people who have engaged in illegal activities as your respondents, it is essential to advise them on how to answer questions posed during the research. This is important because some questions answered by the respondents might come in handy in a legal system upon the breaching of their confidentiality in the research. More importantly, using natural language is essential in ensuring that the respondents do not give unnecessary information during the research. Protecting children used as respondents by using straightforward language to ask questions is an effective way of eliminating breach of confidentiality. In addition, mentoring the respondents as they engage in the research is paramount as it provides effective adherence to research ethics and ensures full protection of respondents from diverse harms that the research might pose. Research ethics are paramount, as they set principles of wrong or right research conduct. They reflect diverse epistemological paradigms and practices within specific cultural or social contexts. Giving participants ample time to make autonomous and informed decisions on whether to get involved in the research is significant, as it will help in identifying an honest group that is ready to get involved in all aspects of the research and avoid unnecessary commotions. This will aid in mitigating diverse challenges involved in the researches thus protecting the respondents. Conclusion Therefore, b ased on the diverse expositions discussed in this essay, it suffices to posit that the governing of research on vulnerable persons or about potentially upsetting or traumatic topics is paramount in ensuring that no abuses of human rights occur. A research devoid of informed and detailed consent is a failure, as it will raise many ethical concerns because it will encroach on rights and private lives of vulnerable persons. Adequately weighing all the risks and benefits related to research is paramount in ensuring its success. Reference List Abernathy, D., Azarnoff, D., 1990. Pharmacokinetic investigations in elderly patients: Clinical and ethical considerations. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 19(3), pp. 89- 93. Bessant, J., 2006. The fixed age rule: Young people, consent and research ethics. Youth Studies Australia, 25(6), pp. 50-57. Cashmore, J., 2006. Ethical issues concerning consent in obtaining children’s reports of their experience of violence. Child Abuse Neglect, 3(2), pp . 969-977. Edwards, R., Alldred, P., 1999. Children and young people’s views of social research: The case of research on home-school relations. Childhood, 6(4), pp. 261-281. Ellman, L., 1992. The impact of case characteristics on child abuse reporting decisions. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(1), pp. 57-74. Geggie, D., 2004. A survey of newly appointed consultants’ attitudes towards research fraud. Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(5), pp.344-346. Getz, K., Borfitz, D., 2002. Informed Consent: A Guide to the Risks and Benefits of Volunteering for Clinical Trials. Boston: Thomson Healthcare. Glannon, W., 2005. Biomedical ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. Hill, M., 2005. Ethical considerations in researching children’s experiences. London: Sage Publications. Israel, M., Hay, I., 2006. Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London: Sage Publications. Katz, J., 1972. Experimentation with Human Beings. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Kellet, M., Ding, S., 20 04. Doing research with children and young people. London: The Open University. Spriggs, M., 2007. When â€Å"risk† and â€Å"benefit† are open to interpretation – As is generally the case. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(2), pp.17-19. This essay on Doing Research on Vulnerable Populations or about Potentially Upsetting or Traumatic Topics was written and submitted by user Sasha Carroll to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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â€Å"The Sick Rose† by: William Blake (page 180) The question for this journal asks you to choose a poem thus far that is completely determined by one single word. William Blake’s â€Å"The Sick Rose† is a prime example of how this works. If the word â€Å"sick† never appeared in the title, then it would just be called, â€Å"The Rose.† A poem that was written about an ordinary rose would seem very redundant and maybe even boring. There is only so many times that one can say how beautiful a rose is and how it is the symbol for love. Once you add the word, â€Å"sick† to the title, you have a whole other ball game. The entire tone and direction of the poem changes when you are talking about a rose that is sick. The very first line of the poem sets the tone for what is to follow, â€Å"O rose, thou art sick,† (page 180, line 1). You now know that the poem is going to have a slow, dismal tone that will eventually end with the death of the sick rose. In the lines following the first, the speaker talks about what caused the rose to become sick. I really enjoyed how he described what was going on. I could actually picture the rose being â€Å"attacked† by a tiny worm that was in love with everything that the rose has to offer. In the end, the worm’s love becomes the rose’s demise.... Free Essays on The Sick Rose Free Essays on The Sick Rose â€Å"The Sick Rose† by: William Blake (page 180) The question for this journal asks you to choose a poem thus far that is completely determined by one single word. William Blake’s â€Å"The Sick Rose† is a prime example of how this works. If the word â€Å"sick† never appeared in the title, then it would just be called, â€Å"The Rose.† A poem that was written about an ordinary rose would seem very redundant and maybe even boring. There is only so many times that one can say how beautiful a rose is and how it is the symbol for love. Once you add the word, â€Å"sick† to the title, you have a whole other ball game. The entire tone and direction of the poem changes when you are talking about a rose that is sick. The very first line of the poem sets the tone for what is to follow, â€Å"O rose, thou art sick,† (page 180, line 1). You now know that the poem is going to have a slow, dismal tone that will eventually end with the death of the sick rose. In the lines following the first, the speaker talks about what caused the rose to become sick. I really enjoyed how he described what was going on. I could actually picture the rose being â€Å"attacked† by a tiny worm that was in love with everything that the rose has to offer. In the end, the worm’s love becomes the rose’s demise....

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Comparing methods of market segmentation

Comparing methods of market segmentation Traditional demographic methods of market segmentation do not usually provide this knowledge. Analyses of market segments by age, sex, geography, and income level are not. They actually didnt see what people need but rather used to do and make products that were profitable to them and in addition to that they didnt give much priority to what the customer need and used to make the same products. They had no importance to the demography and as well as their product did not satisfy all the customers as they had few lack of quality, style and fashion. Their design of the product wasnt fulfilling the demand of the market in the earlier times. They only depended on their benefits rather then caring about their customers. There were no media supports or any correct timing for launching products as a result many products were unknown to the people and they actually lacked the information of the things they could get (Market Segmentation, Advanced Demand Information, and Supply Chain Performa nce by Fangruo Chen, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York 10027). The makers did not have a huge impact on the customers as they had to satisfy themselves with what they had. Thus there were no such advantages or profits to the makers. There were no guides to strategies or ways to improve the product as they were not guided enough. The plus point in this type of marketing is there was less competition in the early stages and the makers didnt used to worry that much about the products or the amount that it would be sold. Thus its effects are described below: For example : watches were introduced to the customers with a 2 to 3 options rather then a wide range from which al types of people can chose from what they need. They avoided the fact that people have some demands which had to be fulfilled which is not satisfactory at this century. Besides that there are many other marketing factors like auto mobile. We didnt used to get many options like now a day. There were only few options for cars and the buyers had to select any of those and satisfy their minds with that (Forecasting and Market Analysis techniques by George J. Kress and John Snyder). There were no chance of dividing class, status and style with these few options. They didnt use to make the cars and values to the customers need and it is a negative point to the marketing segmentation method. Perfumes are something which a woman loves to have and the easy way to increase its market demand is to know what she wants whole she is buying the product. In the early stages there were no media to let people know about all these products as these products were exported from distance areas and countries and sold only to the high class and rich people. Where as the others were totally unaware of the fact that this products are available. We could consider the role of bathing soaps in our life as a very important thing but in the early stages they didnt know its correct use so they did not bath and used to use perfumes instead. Bathing is a enjoyable experience to women as it enhances beauty. More she would come to know about its advantages she will be eager to have it. But at those times they were too much dependant upon herbals and herbal products as much of these were not available or they didnt know anything about it (From Bland to Brand by Jennifer Lach, American Demographics, M arch, 1999). There were no hare care markets instead of that they used rivers and had bath there in the Mother Nature. Computers were not that specialized in these stages and were not that comfortable to use like it is now. In a way there were many things that were not that satisfactory those days. New methods of market segmentation Demography is the statistical study of human populations but also a way to segment markets. It helps to want people need according to age, sex and gender. Marketing is the process by which companies create customer interest in products or services. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business development for this now a days many things are made according to demography needs (Marketing Golf to Generation X by Marcus Whelan, Cyber-journal of Sports Marketing). If a customers needs are fulfilled then the product would be sold more and it would also be a benefit to the maker. The main work of marketing is to identify the customer, to keep the customer, and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries. The adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable (Author: T.P. Beane, (Philip Morris, USA), D.M. Ennis, Philip Morris, USA). Now a day we follow new methods of marketing segmentation. There are some unique advantages in these methods. Like:- Each brand appears to sell very effectively only to certain segments of any market not to the whole market in todays economy. Sound marketing objectives depend on knowledge of how segments which produce the most customers for a companys brands differ in requirements and susceptibilities from the segments which produce the largest number of customers for competitive brands. Traditional methods of marketing didnt use to provide us with these knowledge. Once the marketing director does discover the most pragmatically useful way of segmenting his market, it becomes a new standard for almost all his evaluations (T.P. Beane, D.M. Ennis, (1993) Market Segmentation: A Review), He will use it to appraise competitive strengths and vulnerabilities, to plan his product line, to determine his advertising and selling strategy, and to set precise marketing objectives against which performance can later be measured. Specifically, segmentation analysis helps him to:- Direct the appropriate amounts of promotional attention and money to the most potentially profitable segments of his market; Design a product line that truly parallels the demands of the market instead of one that bulks in some areas and ignores or scants other potentially quite profitable segments. Catch the first sign of a major trend in a swiftly changing market and thus give him time to prepare to take advantage of it to determine the appeals that will be most effective in his companys advertising and where several different appeals are significantly effective. Quantify the segments of the market responsive to each will choose advertising media more wisely and determine the proportion of budget that should be allocated to each medium in the light of anticipated impact. Correct timing of advertising and promotional efforts so that they are massed in the weeks, months, and seasons when selling resistance is least and responsiveness is likely to be at its maximum Understand the seemingly meaningless demographic market information and apply it in scores of new and effective ways. These advantages hold in the case of both packaged goods and hard goods, and for commercial and industrial products as well as consumer products. catch the first sign of a major trend in a swiftly changing market and thus give him time to prepare to take advantage of it; Determine the appeals that will be most effective in his companys advertising and, where several different appeals are significantly effective, quantify the segments of the market responsive to each. Choose advertising media more wisely and determine the proportion of budget that should be allocated to each medium in the light of anticipated impact. Correct the timing of advertising and promotional efforts so that they are massed in the weeks, months, and seasons when selling resistance is least and responsiveness is likely to be at its maximum. Understand otherwise seemingly meaningless demographic market information and apply it in scores of new and effective ways. These advantages hold in the case of both packaged goods and hard goods, and for commercial and industrial products as well as consumer products. EFFECTS OF THIS IN TEN MARKETS: In the following discussion we shall take ten markets for consumer and industrial products 1. Watches: In this first case we deal with a relatively simple mode of segmentation analysis. The most productive way of analyzing the market for watches turns out to be segmentation by value. This approach discloses three distinct segments, each representing a different value attributed to watches by each of three different groups of consumers: 1. People who want to pay the lowest possible price for any watch that works reasonably well. If the watch fails after six months or a year, they will throw it out and replace it. 2. People who value watches for their long life, good workmanship, good material, and good styling. They are willing to pay for these product qualities. 3. People who look not only for useful product features but also for meaningful emotional qualities. The most important consideration in this segment is that the watch should suitably symbolize an important occasion. Consequently, fine styling, a well-known brand name, the recommendation of the jeweler, and a gold or diamond case are highly valued. In 1962, research shows, the watch market divided quantitatively as follows: Approximately 23 % of the buyers bought for lowest price (value segment #1). Another 46% bought for durability and general product quality (value segment #2). And 31% bought watches as symbols of some important occasion (value segment #3). 2.Automobiles: The non-demographic segmentation of the automobile market is more complex than that of the watch market. The segments crisscross, forming intricate patterns. Their dynamics must be seen clearly before automobile sales can be understood. Segmentation analysis leads to at least three different ways of classifying the automobile market along non-demographic lines, all of which are important to marketing planning. Value Segmentation: The first mode of segmentation can be compared to that in the watch market-a threefold division along lines which represent how different people look at the meaning of value in an automobile: 1. People who buy cars primarily for economy. Many of these become owners of the Falcon, Ford, Rambler, American, and Chevrolet. They are less loyal to any make than the other segments, but go where the biggest savings are to be found. 2. People who want to buy the best product they can find for their money. These prospects emphasize values such as body quality, reliability, durability, economy of operation, and ease of upkeep. Rambler and Volkswagen have been successful because so many people in this segment were dissatisfied. 3. People interested in personal enhancement (a more accurate description than prestige). A handsomely styled Pontiac or Thunderbird does a great deal for the owners ego, even though the car may not serve as a status symbol (Market segmentation: how to do it, how to profit from it by Malcolm McDonald). Although the value of an automobile as a status symbol has declined, the personal satisfaction in owning a fine car has not lessened for this segment of the market. It is interesting that while both watches and cars have declined in status value, they have retained self-enhancement value for large portions of the market. Markets can change so swiftly, and the size of key segments can shift so rapidly, that great sensitivity is required to catch a trend in time to capitalize on it. In the automobile market, the biggest change in recent years has been the growth in segment two-the number of people oriented to strict product value. Only a few years ago, the bulk of the market was made up of the other segments, but now the product-value segment is probably the largest. Some automobile companies did not respond to this shift in the size of these market segments in time to maintain their share of the market. Aesthetic Concepts: A second way of segmenting the automobile market is by differences in style preferences. For example, most automobile buyers tell you that they like expensive looking cars. To some people, however, expensive looking means a great deal of chrome and ornamentation, while to others it means the very opposite-clean, conservative lines, lacking much chrome or ornamentation. Unfortunately, the same words are used by consumers to describe diametrically opposed style concepts. Data that quantify buyers according to their aesthetic responses their differing conceptions of what constitutes a good-looking car- are among the most useful an automobile company can possess. The importance of aesthetic segmentation can be pointed up by this example: When Ford changed from its 1959 styling to its 1960 styling, the change did not seem to be a radical one from the viewpoint of formal design. But, because it ran contrary to the special style expectations of a large group of loyal Ford buyers, it constituted a dramatic and unwelcome change to them. This essential segment was not prepared for the change, and the results were apparent in sales. Susceptibility to Change: A third and indispensable method of segmenting the automobile market cuts across the lines drawn by the other two modes of segmentation analysis (Segmentation and positioning for Strategic Marketing decisions by James H. Myers). This involves measuring the relative susceptibility of potential car buyers to changing their choice of make. Consider the buyers of Chevrolet during any one year from the point of view of a competitor: At one extreme are people whose brand loyalty is so solidly entrenched that no competitor can get home to them. They always buy Chevrolets. They are closed off to change. At the other extreme are the open-minded and the unprejudiced buyers. They happened to buy a Chevrolet because they preferred its styling that year, or because they got a good buy, or because someone talked up the Fisher body to them. They could just as easily have purchased another make. In the middle of this susceptibility continuum are people who are predisposed to Chevrolet to a greater or lesser degree. They can be persuaded to buy another make, but the persuasion has to be strong enough to break through the Chevrolet predisposition. The implications of this kind of susceptibility segmentation are far-reaching. Advertising effectiveness, for example, must be measured against each susceptibility segment, not against the market as a whole. Competitors advertising should appear in media most likely to break through the Chevrolet predisposition of the middle group. In addition, the wants of those who are not susceptible must be factored out, or they will muddy the picture (Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen! by Sally Dibb). Marketing programs persuasive enough to influence the uncommitted may make no difference at all to the single largest group those who are predisposed to Chevrolet but still open enough to respond to the right stimulus. If the marketing director of an automobile company does not break down his potential market into segments representing key differences in susceptibility, or does not clearly understand the requirements of each key segment, his company can persevere for years with little or no results because its promotion programs are inadvertently being aimed at the wrong people. III. Perfume: A segmentation analysis of the perfume market shows that a useful way to analyze it is by the different purposes women have in mind when they buy perfume. One segment of the market thinks of a perfume as something to be added to what nature has supplied. Another segment believes that the purpose of fragrance products is to help a woman feel cleaner, fresher, and better groomed -to correct or negate what nature has supplied. In the latter instance, the fragrance product is used to cancel out natural body odors; in the former, to add a new scent. To illustrate this difference in point of view: One woman told an interviewer, I like a woodsy scent like Faberge. It seems more intense and lingers longer, and doesnt fade away like the sweeter scents. But another woman said, I literally loathe Faberge. It makes me think of a streetcar full of women coming home from work who havent bathed. These differences in reaction do not indicate objective differences in the scent of Faberge. They are subjective differences in womens attitudes; they grow out of each womans purpose in using a perfume. Purposive segmentation, as this third mode of analysis might be called, has been of great value to alert marketers. For instance: A company making a famous line of fragrance products realized that it was selling almost exclusively to a single segment, although it had believed it was competing in the whole market. Management had been misled by its marketing research, which had consistently shown no differences in the demographic characteristics of women buying the companys products and women buying competitors products. In the light of this insight, the company decided to allocate certain lines to the underdeveloped segments of the market. This required appropriate changes in the scent of the product and in its package design. A special advertising strategy was also developed, involving a different copy approach for each product line aimed at each segment. In addition, it was learned that visualizations of the product in use helped to create viewer identification in the segment that used perfume for adding to natures handiwork, but that more subtle methods of communication produced better results among the more reserved, more modest women in the second segment who want the canceling out benefits of perfume (Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology firms by Art Weinstein). The media susceptibilities of women in the two segments were also found to be different. Thus, from a single act of resegmentation, the advertising department extracted data critical to its copy platform, communication strategy, and media decisions. IV. Bathing Soap A comparable purposive segmentation was found in the closely related bathing soap field. The key split was between women whose chief requirement of soap was that it should clean them adequately and those for whom bathing was a sensuous and enjoyable experience. The company (a new contender in this highly competitive field) focused its sights on the first segment, which had been much neglected in recent years. A new soap was shaped, designed, and packaged to appeal to this segment, a new advertising approach was evolved, and results were very successful. V. Hair-Care Market The Breck-Halo competition in the shampoo market affords an excellent example of another kind of segmentation. For many years, Brecks recognition of the markets individualized segmentation gave the company a very strong position. Its line of individualized shampoos included one for dry hair, another for oily hair, and one for normal hair. This line accurately paralleled the marketing reality that women think of their hair as being dry, oily, or normal, and they do not believe that any one shampoo (such as an all-purpose Halo) can meet their individual requirements. Colgate has finally been obliged, in the past several years, to revise its long-held marketing approach to Halo, and to come out with products for dry hair and for oily hair, as well as for normal hair. Other companies in the hair-care industry are beginning to recognize other segmentations in this field. For example, some women think of their hair as fine, others as course. Each newly discovered key segmentation contains the seeds of a new product, a new marketing approach, and a new opportunity. VI. Other Packaged Goods Examples of segmentation analysis in other packaged goods can be selected almost at random (Lifestyle Market Segmentation by Art Weinstein). Let us mention a few briefly, to show the breadth of applicability of this method of marketing analysis: In convenience foods, for example, we find that the most pragmatic classification is, once again, purposive segmentation. Analysis indicates that convenience in foods has many different meanings for women, supporting several different market segments. Women for whom convenience means easy to use are reached by products and appeals different from those used to reach women for whom convenience means shortcuts to creativity in cooking. In the market for cleaning agents, some women clean preventively, while others clean therapeutically, i.e., only after a mess has been made. The appeals, the product characteristics, and the marketing approach must take into account these different reasons for buying another example of purposive segmentation. In still another market, some people use air fresheners to remove disagreeable odors and others to add an odor. A product like Glade, which is keyed to the second segment, differs from one like Airwick in product concept, packaging, and type of scent. The beer market requires segmentation along at least four different axes -reasons for drinking beer (purposive); taste preferences (aesthetic); price/quality (value); and consumption level. VII. Retail Soft Goods Although soft-goods manufacturers and retailers are aware that their customers are value conscious, not all of them realize that their markets break down into at least four different segments corresponding to four different conceptions of value held by women. For some women value means a willingness to pay a little more for quality. For others, value means merchandise on sale. Still other women look for value in terms of the lowest possible price, while others buy seconds or discounted merchandise as representing the best value. Retailing operations like Sears, Roebuck are highly successful because they project all these value concepts, and do so in proportions which closely parallel their distribution in the total population. VIII. Adding Machines In marketing planning for a major adding machine manufacturer, analysis showed that his product line had little relationship to the segmented needs of the market. Like most manufacturers of this kind of product, he had designed his line by adding features to one or several stripped-down basic models-each addition raising the model price. The lowest priced model could only add; it could not subtract, multiply, divide, or print, and it was operated by hand. Since there are a great many features in adding machines, the manufacturer had an extremely long product line (Marketing Plans, Sixth Edition: How to prepare them, how to use them by Malcolm McDonald). When the needs of the market were analyzed, however, it became clear that, despite its length, the line barely met the needs of two out of the three major segments of the market. It had been conceived and planned from a logical point of view rather than from a market-need point of view. The adding machine market is segmented along lines reflecting sharp differences in value and purpose: One buyer group values accuracy, reliability, and long life above all else. It tends to buy medium-price, full-keyboard, electric machines. There are many banks and other institutions in this group where full-keyboard operations are believed to ensure accuracy. Manufacturing establishments, on the other hand, prefer the ten-key machine. Value, to these people, means the maximum number of laborsaving and timesaving features. They are willing to pay the highest prices for such models. Both these segments contrast sharply with the third group, the small retailer whose major purpose is to find a model at a low purchase price. The small retailer does not think in terms of amortizing his investment over a period of years, and neither laborsaving features nor full-keyboard reliability count for as much as an immediate savings in dollars. Despite the many models in the companys line, it lacked those demanded by both the manufacturer and small retailer segments of the market. But, because it had always been most sensitive to the needs of financial institutions, it had developed more models for this segment than happened to be needed. Product, sales, and distribution changes were required to enable the company to compete in the whole market. IX. Computers One pragmatic way of segmenting the computer market is to divide potential customers between those who believe they know how to evaluate a computer and those who believe they do not. A few years ago only about 20% of the market was really open to IBMs competitors-the 20% who believed it knew how to evaluate a computer. By default, this left 80% of the market a virtual captive of IBM-the majority who did not have confidence in its own ability to evaluate computers and who leaned on IBMs reputation as a substitute for personal appraisal. Segmentation in this market involves differences in prospects attitudes toward the inevitability of progress. Although this factor has been widely ignored, it is a significant method for qualifying prospects. People who believe that progress is inevitable (i.e., that change is good and that new business methods are constantly evolving) make far better prospects for computers than those who have a less optimistic attitude toward progress in the world of business. X. Light Trucks The market for light trucks affords us another example of segmentation in products bought by industry. As in the computer example, there are both buyers who lack confidence in their ability to choose among competing makes and purchasers who feel they are sophisticated about trucks and can choose knowledgeably. This mode of segmentation unexpectedly turns out to be a key to explaining some important dynamics of the light truck market: Those who do not trust their own judgment in trucks tend to rely very heavily on both the dealers and the manufacturers reputation. Once they find a make that gives them reliability and trouble-free operation, they cease to shop other makes and are no longer susceptible to competitive promotion. Nor are they as price-sensitive as the buyer who thinks he is sophisticated about trucks. This buyer tends to look for the best price, to shop extensively, and to be susceptible to the right kind of competitive appeals, because he puts performance before reputation. These ways of looking at the truck market have far-reaching implications for pricing policy, for product features, and for dealers sales efforts. Harvard Business Review, March/April 1964 by Daniel Yankelovich There are few similarities as well as differences in this process: Similarities: the main aim is to benefit at a certain level and trying to satisfy the customer keeping few points in focus. In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified. Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resources required to target them. Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment members that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous; that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. Bases for Segmentation in Consumer Markets: Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics. Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic Geographic Segmentation The following are some examples of geographic variables often used in segmentation. Region: by continent, country, state, or even neighborhood Size of metropolitan area: segmented according to size of population Population density: often classified as urban, suburban, or rural Climate: according to weather patterns common to certain geographic regions Demographic Segmentation Some demographic segmentation variables include: Age Gender Family size Family lifecycle Generation: baby-boomers, Generation X, etc. Income Occupation Education Ethnicity Nationality Religion Social class Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation groups customers according to their lifestyle. Activities, interests, and opinions (AIO) surveys are one tool for measuring lifestyle. Some psychographic variables include: Activities Interests Opinions Attitudes Values Behavioralistic Segmentation Behavioral segmentation is based on actual customer behavior toward products. Some behavioralistic variables include: Benefits sought Usage rate Brand loyalty User status: potential, first-time, regular, etc. Readiness to buy Occasions: holidays and events that stimulate purchases Behavioral segmentation has the advantage of using variables that are closely related to the product itself. It is a fairly direct starting point for market segmentation. There are vast differences between the segmentation methods before and now as when people started the marketing the didnt know but now a days there as been many segments and theories about all these marketing but still the aim was to benefit. ANALYSIS: It is better to go for the new segmentation method as there are many ways to keep the customers happy as a feed back they are being profited. As the main aim is to keep the customers happy as well as gain some thing good as a return. So if that is given the main priority then the new segmentation method is the best. Segmentation can be done on data collected specifically for the segmentation or on pre-existing data. A common approach for segmentation is to ask respondents for their AIOs (Attitudes, Interests, and Opinions). Another fruitful approach is to ask about media outlets (e.g., what television shows they watch, and what printed press they read). Asking about media outlets reveals a lot about the nature of the segments, and how to reach them. These factors play a vast role in this sort of business because after everything aim is to satisfy the customers. It can be said that the old methods are not that satisfying as there were few options to choose from and it might not be sat isfactory to every customer purchasing the product. In business it is very important to keep the customers happy as it might not be that fruitful if the customers are happy with what they are provided with. If a client asks for segmentation, the key questions are what are the dimensions that will produce segments that are most useful. For example, a PR firm mig

My Favorite Place Essay -- Place Essay

My favorite place as a child was County Park Lake. When we had family picnics because we all got together and there was great food and kids playing and the adults playing horse-shoes and could tell there was love for one another. There was no other place like this when I was a child. Some of my fondest memories was at that picnic site we should all have memories likes those. The entire family got together and it was always a last minute thing but no matter what was going on we all decide we would go up to County Park Lake to have family time. There would be my grandma and my Aunts and Uncles and their kids when we pulled up to the parking lot. Under the shade trees the women would be sitting trying to stay cool and the older men of the family stand around a grill they would be sitting up the charcoal pyramid to lite to start grilling the food while the kids where at the tot lot playing the equipment you could hear the laughter of the kids playing . Also the mean talking about which is the best way to grill. The women would be laughing at the guys arguing over which way was bett...

Bank Manager

Bank managers direct bank branches and departments, resolve customers’ problems, ensure that standards of service are maintained, and administer the institutions’ operations and investments, in addition to overseeing the following employees: * Bank tellers, the largest number of workers in banking, provide routine financial services to the public. They handle customers’ deposits and withdrawals, change money, sell money orders and traveler’s checks, and accept payment for loans and utility bills. Increasingly, tellers also are selling bank services to customers. * New accounts clerks and customer service representatives answer questions from customers, and help them open and close accounts and fill out forms to apply forbanking services. They are knowledgeable about a broad array of bank services and must be able to sell those services to potential clients. Some customer service representatives work in a call or customer contact center environment, taking phone calls and answering emails from customers. In addition to responding to inquiries, these workers also help customers over the phone with routine banking transactions and handle and resolve problems or complaints. * Loan and credit clerks assemble and prepare paperwork, process applications, and complete the documentation after a loan or line of credit has been approved. They also verify applications for completeness. * Bill and account collectors attempt to collect payments on overdue loans. Many general office clerks and bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks are employed to maintain financial records, enter data, and process the thousands of deposit slips, checks, and other documents that banks handle daily. Banks also employ many secretaries, data entry and information processing workers, receptionists, and other office and administrative support workers. Office and administrative support worker supervisors and managers oversee the activities and training of workers in the various administrative support occupations. Loan officers, who evaluate loan applications, determine an applicant’s ability to pay back a loan, and recommend approval of loans. They usually specialize in commercial, consumer, or mortgage lending. When loans become delinquent, loan officers, or loan counselors, may advise borrowers on the management of their finances or take action to collect outstanding amounts. Loan officers also play a major role in bringing in new business and spend uch of their time developing relationships with potential customers. * Trust officers manage a variety of assets that were placed in trust with the bank for other people or organizations; these assets can include pension funds, school endowments, or a company’s profit-sharing plan. Sometimes, trust officers act as executors of estates upon a person’s death. They also may work as accountants, lawyers, and investment managers.

How To Form Compound Nouns in Spanish

How To Form Compound Nouns in Spanish A puzzle in Spanish is a head-breaker (rompecabezas), and someone who reads books a lot is a book-warmer (calientalibros). These two words are among the more colorful compound words that have entered the Spanish vocabulary. Most compound words are more mundane and self-explanatory (a dishwasher, lavaplatos, for example, is just that). Compound  words, known in Spanish as palabras compuestas, are quite common. They are frequently coined, sometimes for humorous effect, although not all impromptu compound words survive or become widely known. An example is comegusanos, a worm eater, which you wont find in a dictionary but will find in occasional use through an Internet search. How To Form Compound Words As you may have  noticed, the compound words being discussed in this lesson are formed by taking a verb in the third-person singular indicative and following it with a plural noun (or, rarely, a singular noun when it makes more sense to do so). For example, cata (he/she tastes) followed by vinos (wines) gives us catavinos, a winetaster or barhop, depending on the context. Often, these words are the equivalent of the English verb followed by a noun and -er, as in rascacielos, skyscraper. (Rascar means to scrape, and the skies are the cielos.)  In English, such words can be written as one word, a hyphenated word or two words, but in Spanish these compound words always form one unit. Words formed in this way are masculine, with rare exceptions, although they are sometimes used in the feminine if they refer to women or girls. Also, the plural of these words is the same as the singular: a can opener is un abrelatas, but two or more are los abrelatas. If the noun part of the word begins with an r, it is typically changed to an rr, as in quemarropa from quema ropa. Although no collection of compound words can be complete, on the following page is a list of some of the most common along with many that have been included merely because theyre humorous or otherwise interesting. Where the English translation doesnt convey the origin of the Spanish word, a literal translation of the Spanish is included in parentheses. Note that in some cases not all possible meanings of the Spanish words are included. List of Compound Words These are among the most common (or, in a few cases, humorous) compound words in Spanish. It is far from a complete list. abrecartas - letter openerabrelatas - can openerapagavelas - candle snufferbuscapià ©s - firecracker (it looks for feet)calientalibros - bookworm (he/she warms books)calientamanos - handwarmercalientapià ©s - footwarmercalientaplatos - dish warmercascanueces - nutcrackercomecocos - something that confuses or brainwashes (it eats coconuts)cortacuitos - circuit breakercortalpices - pencil sharpener (it cuts pencils)cortapapel - paper knife (it cuts paper)cortaplumas - penknife (it cuts feathers)cortapuros - cigar cuttercuentagotas - medicine dropper (it counts drops)cuentakilà ³metros - speedometer, odometer (it counts kilometers)cuentapasos - pedometer (it counts steps)cuentarrevoluciones, cuentavueltas - counting machine (it counts revolutions)cuidanià ±os - babysitter (he/she cares for children)cumpleaà ±os - birthday (it fulfills years)dragaminas - minesweeper (it dredges mines)elevalunas - window openerescarbadientes - toothpick (it scratches teeth)esc urreplatos - dish rack (it drains dishes)espantapjaros - scarecrow (it scares birds)guardarropas - clothes closet (it keeps clothing)lanzacohetes - rocket launcherlanzallamas - flame throwerlanzamisiles - missile launcherlavadedos - finger bowl (it cleans fingers)lavamanos - bathroom sink (it washes hands)lavaplatos, lavavajillas - dishwasherlimpiabarros - scraper (it cleans mud)limpiabotas - shoeshine (he/she cleans boots)limpiachimeneas - chimneysweep (he/she cleans chimneys)limpiacristales - window cleanerlimpiametales - metal polish (it cleans metal)limpiaparabrisas - windshield wiper (it cleans windshields)limpiapipas - pipe cleanerlimpiauà ±as - fingernail cleanera matacaballo - at breakneck speed (in a way that it kills the horse)matafuegos - fire extinguisher (it kills fires)matamoscas - fly swatter (it kills flies)matarratas - rat poison (it kills rats)matasanos - medical quack (he/she kills healthy people)matasellos - postmark (it kills stamps)pagai mpuestos - taxpayerparabrisas - windshield (it stops breezes)paracaà ­das - parachute (it stops falls)parachoques - bumper (it stops crashes)paraguas - umbrella (it stops water)pararrayos - lightning rod (it stops lightning)parasol - sunshade (it stops sun)pesacartas - letter scale (it weighs letters)pesapersonas - scale for people (it weighs people)picaflor - hummingbird, lady-killer (he/she pecks flowers)picapleitos - shyster lawyer (he/she encourages lawsuits)pintamonas - bad painter, an incompetent person (he/she paints copycats)portaaviones - aircraft carrier (it carries aircraft)portacartas - letter bag (it carries letters)portamonedas - purse, handbag (it carries coins)portanuevas - one who brings newsportaplumas - pen holdera quemarropa - at point-blank range (in a way that burns clothing)quitaesmalte - enamel or nail polish removerquitamanchas - dry cleaner, stain remover (it removes stains)quitamotas - flatterer (he/she removes defects)quitanieve, qui tanieves - snowplow (it removes snow)quitapesares - consolation (it takes away sorrow)quitasol - sunshade (it removes the sun)quitasueà ±os - anxiety (it takes away sleep)rascacielos - skyscrapera regaà ±adientes - unwillingly (in a manner that causes the snarling of teeth)rompecabezas - puzzle (it breaks heads)rompeimgenes - iconoclast (he/she breaks icons)rompeolas - jetty (it breaks waves)sabelotodo - know-it-all (he/she knows it all)sacabocados - punch tool (it takes out bites)sacaclavos - nail removersacacorchos - corkscrew (it pulls out corks)sacadineros - trinket, small scam (it takes money)sacamanchas - dry cleaner (it takes away stains)sacamuelas - dentist, quack (he/she pulls teeth)sacapotras - medical quack (he/she removes hernias)sacapuntas - pencil sharpener (it sharpens points)saltamontes - grasshopper (it jumps hills)salvavidas - certain safety devices (it saves lives)secafirmas - blotting pad (it dries signatures)tientaparedes - one who gropes his/her way (he/she feels walls)tirabotas - boot hook (it stretches boots)tiralà ­neas - drawing pen (it draws lines)tocacasetes - cassette playertocadiscos - record playertrabalenguas - tongue twister (it ties tongues)tragahombres - bully (he/she swallows men)tragaleguas - long-distance or fast runner (he/she swallows leagues; a league is a little-used measurement of distance, equal to about 5.6 kilometers)tragaluz - skylight (it swallows light)tragamonedas, tragaperras - slot machine, vending machine (it swallows coins) Key Takeaways A common type of compound noun is formed in Spanish by using a third-person singular indicative present-tense verb and following it with a plural noun attached to the verb.Such compound nouns are often the equivalent of noun verb -er in English.Such compound nouns are masculine, and the plural form is identical to the singular.

Free Essays on Brave New World Review

Group Project: Cold War Literature - Fiction Many novels throughout the 1950’s sought to show the ills of communism. A reoccuring trend in these books is that they show the world from an apocolyptic stand point; possibley to show the negative outcomes from a war on Communism. After the apocalypse the world was run by a stringent set of rules that mirrored communism. These novels also tried to let the public escape to a sci-fi world where the fear of the Russians did not exist. Animal Farm by George Orwell Animal Farm written by George Orwell is a true spoof on Soviet Communism. It demonstrates how Communism, originally designed to aid the working class, can work against them. The book has anti-communist undertones without being blatant about it. When the downtrodden beasts of Manor Farm take the place of their drunken human master and take over management of the land, all are filled with enthusiams with togetherness. Everyone willingly works overtime, productivity soars, and for one brief, glorious season, every belly is full. The animals' Seven Commandment credo is painted in big white letters on the barn: All animals are equal. No animal shall drink alcohol No animal shall wear clothes No animal shall sleep in a bed No animal shall kill a fellow four-footed creature Those that go upon four legs or wings are friends The two-legged are the enemy Too soon, however, the pigs, who have styled themselves leaders by virtue of their intelligence, succumb to the temptations of privilege and power.... Free Essays on Brave New World Review Free Essays on Brave New World Review Group Project: Cold War Literature - Fiction Many novels throughout the 1950’s sought to show the ills of communism. A reoccuring trend in these books is that they show the world from an apocolyptic stand point; possibley to show the negative outcomes from a war on Communism. After the apocalypse the world was run by a stringent set of rules that mirrored communism. These novels also tried to let the public escape to a sci-fi world where the fear of the Russians did not exist. Animal Farm by George Orwell Animal Farm written by George Orwell is a true spoof on Soviet Communism. It demonstrates how Communism, originally designed to aid the working class, can work against them. The book has anti-communist undertones without being blatant about it. When the downtrodden beasts of Manor Farm take the place of their drunken human master and take over management of the land, all are filled with enthusiams with togetherness. Everyone willingly works overtime, productivity soars, and for one brief, glorious season, every belly is full. The animals' Seven Commandment credo is painted in big white letters on the barn: All animals are equal. No animal shall drink alcohol No animal shall wear clothes No animal shall sleep in a bed No animal shall kill a fellow four-footed creature Those that go upon four legs or wings are friends The two-legged are the enemy Too soon, however, the pigs, who have styled themselves leaders by virtue of their intelligence, succumb to the temptations of privilege and power....

Course work business law environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Course work business law environment - Essay Example The above legal forms of doing business offer different benefits, rights as well as obligations to the owners of such businesses and as such as one moves from one form of business to another, the extent and nature of the rights and obligations also change. For example, a sole proprietor is personally liable for all the liability of the business running by him and as such the personal property of the sole proprietor is therefore also subject to liquidation if business fails and files for bankruptcy. Similar, in partnership, the partners are subject to personal liability also however as one move up towards formation of a company either a private or a public, the nature and extent of liability start to change. The shareholders of the private and public limited companies are only liable to the extent of their individual shareholding within the business. It is also important to note that in public limited companies, the function of management and ownership are two separate functions i.e. owners and the managers of the business are separate from each other. This paper will prepare a written analysis of a problem which identifies relevant legal principles; identify remedies and obligations appropriate to the circumstances of a legal situation presented in the given question. From the facts provided in the question, it is clear that the apparent form of the business is a sole proprietorship with Ivor being the legal owner of the business and Andrew as the employee of the new business. Sole proprietorship is considered as the oldest and common form of business formation where an individual can form a business without going into too much detail about the legal consequences of the business formation. Typically a Sole Proprietorship is owned and managed by single person and unlike limited company; there is no separation between the ownership as well as the management of the business. This is also the most distinguished character of the

African Tribal Dances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

African Tribal Dances - Essay Example Furthermore, when they dance, for them all time stops, the air draws back and the past, the present and the future merge into a single indescribable jewel in eternity. We will discuss about the culture of the famous Zulu tribe of Africa. Zulu is the largest ethnic group of Africa. It has a population of an estimated 10-11 million people, living mainly in the province of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Their language is ‘isiZulu’. It is ‘Bantu language’, more specifically part of the ‘Nguni’ subgroup. Their importance is revealed by the fact that the Zulu Kingdom played a major role in South African History during the 19th and 20th centuries. At one time, Zulu people were classified as the third-class citizens and suffered from state sanctioned discrimination, now they are the most numerous ethnic group among the African tribes and share equal rights among all the other citizens. The Zulu are descendents from a chief from the Congo area. They migrated south in the 16th century, picking up many of the traditions of the San, who also inhabited this South African area. During the 17th and 18th centuries, as a result of the treaties made by many of their most powerful chiefs, the control of the Zulu villages was given to the British. As Zulu had a strong village government systems, so this created much of the conflict and they fought against the British, but could not win because of their small strength. Till 1879, much of the Zulu area was given under the British, but still, the Zulu as a whole decided not to be under British rule, so as a result, war erupted between the British and Zulu. Although the result was in favor of Zulu, as they won the war, but within six months, they were conquered by the British, who exiled the Zulu Kings and divided up the Zulu kingdom. In 1906, another Zulu uprising was lead, continuing their try