Does a Mother owe a Duty of Care to her unborn child - Free Essay Example

ASSIGNMENT 1: TOPIC 2 OVERVIEW Traditionally, legal protection was rarely granted to unborn child and in the event they were granted such protection, it was strictly dependent on their live birth.[1] Since then, the law governing a motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability for prenatal injury has evolved and varies drastically across many jurisdictions. For example, in Canada, the courts generally take into account several policy factors to grant them immunity from liability. It is to be expected that a large majority of society would accept the proposition that a mother is required to care for and protect her child for many reasons such as emotional and moral reasons. However, it is unclear whether such a percentage would agree with the fact that a mother would be liable for causing prenatal injuries to her unborn child. Perhaps the most important issue of granting mothers full immunity is that the child would not be compensated for their prenatal injuries from their mother and also from third parties like insurers. This article will examine the current law across various jurisdictions like Canada and the United Kingdom (particularly the various policy considerations adopted) in order to ascertain the most suitable approach to be implemented in Australia, since the question whether a mother owes a duty of care towards her unborn child is still unsettled in this jurisdiction. This article will also consider arguments for and against imposing a duty of care. Lastly, it concludes with a suggestion that a mother should not be liable for causing prenatal injury to her unborn child other than in motor vehicle accidents[2] and why this will be the mos t appropriate approach. INTRODUCTION Essentially, a duty of care is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"an obligation imposed on a person to take reasonable care to ensure that they do not cause another person to suffer harmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[3] The relationship between a parent and a child is one such circumstance that draws such a duty of care to be imposed in some jurisdictions. It has been accepted by many that the duty of care outlined above will only accrue when a child is born and possesses legal rights.[4] Having said that, some commentators are of the view that since a fetus is completely dependent upon his mother for nourishment and life, a pregnant woman should owe a similar duty of care to her unborn child.[5] It is without a doubt that the right of an unborn child to sue its mother will bring about several ethical and moral issues that will put a strain on family ties. In Australia, when a child is born it is automatically entitled to sue for breach of rights.[6] The courts have extended this view to include situations wh ere the unborn child sustains injuries prior to being born.[7] It is well established that the courts have held third parties like negligent road users[8] and doctors[9], liable for injuries inflicted onto an unborn child. Although the child possessed no legal rights when the damage was inflicted, it materializes when it is born and hence, reflects the laws of negligence which states that a cause of action does not accrue until damage or harm is suffered. Conversely, the courts are reluctant to apply such standards of care when it concerns prenatal injuries inflicted upon an unborn child by its mother resulting in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"maternal immunityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for such injuries. Currently in Australia, a mother owes no such duty of care towards her child except in the event of road accidents.[10] It should be noted at this stage that whilst Australia has not applied such a duty of care in such circumstances, the courts have neither rejected it completely[11], unlike the appro aches adopted in Canada and United Kingdom. CURRENT LAW CANADA In Canada, policy factors have to be taken into account before reaching a decision as to whether a mother owes a duty of care to her unborn child. This issue was dealt with in the landmark cases of Winnipeg Child and Family Services (Northwest Area) v G (DF) [1997] 3 SCR 925 (Winnipeg Child and Family Services) and Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson [1999] 2 S.C.R. 753 (Dobson), where the Supreme Court of Canada had first tackled this issue. Dobson involved a claim against a pregnant mother for causing injuries to her unborn child due to her negligent driving. Her fetus was apparently damaged in this and had to be delivered prematurely via caesarean section on the day of the accident. As a result, the child was born with cerebral palsy. A tort claim was brought by the maternal grandfather on behalf of the child in order to claim from his fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insurance policy so as to cover the damages caused by negligent driving. The majority in this case found that a pregnant woman should not be held liable in the situation as a claim for negligent driving should be treated no differently to any other negligent acts of the mother.[12] McLachlin JJ goes on to add that imposing such a liability would restrict a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. Specifically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"they would lose their liberty and not be treated equally with other women in societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The majority then went on to cite the test laid out in Kamloops[14]. Following Kamloops, the Court said a duty of care is recognized if the involved parties are closely related and if the issue raises questions about public policy. One might argue that although a fetus and its mothers are usually seen as one person, the Court in this case addressed the issue as if they were two separate people. It is also vital to note that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ standard of care is an objective test. The majority in this case deemed it to take into account in this case[15] as it will raise many issues regarding a pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal lifestyle choices which will have a negative impact on her privacy and way of life. Eventually, the majority came to a conclusion that public policy factors associated with imposing a duty of care on mothers towards their unborn child à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"are of such a nature and magnitude that they clearly indicate that a legal duty of care cannot and should not be imposed by Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[16] Hence, the Court held that the public policy considerations were paramount and outweighed any sufficiently close relationship between the parties that gave rise to the duty of care and that the mother did not owe a duty of care her unborn child even in circumstances where it involved motor vehicle accidents. It should be noted that Australian courts reach a different decisions as times due to the fact that emphasis is not placed on applying the public policy considerations in such cases. Also, when it concerns motor vehicle accidents in Australia, the mother is held liable for prenatal injuries caused to her unborn child if she was negligent without weighing the public policy considerations. In Winnipeg, the Supreme Court of Canada held that a pregnant woman who was addicted to glue sniffing could not be taken away against her will in trying to protect the interest of her unborn child. The Court concluded that they had no jurisdiction to interfere in such matters and that it was beyond the scope of the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to detain a pregnant woman against her will. As such, the Court stated that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"To extend the law of tort to permit an order for the detention and treatment of a pregnant woman for the purpose of preventing harm to the unborn child would require major changes to the existing law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these are the sort of changes which should be left to the legislatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[17] UNITED KINGDOM The current law in the United Kingdom surrounding this issue is very similar to that adopted in Australia.[18] The Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 (UK) grants mothers a legal immunity from liability for causing prenatal injuries to her unborn child. However, the court cited that a legal duty should be imposed where it is the result of a motor vehicle accident.[19] Section 2 of the Congenital Disabilities Act states: A woman driving a motor vehicle when she knows (or ought reasonably to know) herself to be pregnant is to be regarded as being under the same duty to take care for the safety of her unborn child as the law imposes on her with respect to the safety of other people; and if in consequence of her breach of that duty her child is born with disabilities which would not otherwise have been present, those disabilities are to be regarded as damage resulting from her wrongful act and actionable accordingly at the suit of the child. In enacting this leg islation, the United Kingdom Law Commission also took into consideration public policy factors that was applied in other jurisdictions.[20] AUSTRALIA As discussed above, only a third party, who is not the mother of the unborn child, can be found to have owed a duty of care to the child.[21] In Lynch v Lynch (by her tutor Lynch) (1991) 25 NSWLR 411 (Lynch v Lynch), a mother was found guilty of negligent driving, causing an accident which resulted in cerebral palsy in her unborn child. Public policy factors were not applied in this case as Clarke JA held that the question before the court was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very narrow and related specifically to road accidents.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[22] The court also took into account whether there was a presence of a compulsory motor vehicle insurance in concluding whether the mother owed a duty of care to her unborn child.[23] The majority decision in Lynch v Lynch was affirmed and cited in Bowditch v McEwan [2002] QCA 172 (Bowditch v McEwan). It has been long established that a duty of care is owed to pedestrians and other road users.[24] However, Watt v Rama extended this duty of care to inco rporate fetuses injured in road accidents. In this case, a mother who was pregnant caused injuries to her unborn child as a result of her negligent driving. The child subsequently suffered from epilepsy and brain damage. The mother denied that she owed her unborn child a duty of care whilst it was still in her womb. However, the Victorian Supreme court held that since the child was born handicapped as a result of the injuries sustained while it was still in its motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s womb, attracts a duty of care. As a result, it was immaterial whether the child was born or not when the injury was sustained, so as long as the victim fell into a category of people that would be affected by a negligent act caused by someone else. Although the Australian courts are required to specifically apply public policy considerations in ascertaining whether a duty of care exists, it is not as rigid and explicit as the approach adopted in Canadian courts. ARGUMENTS FOR IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE There are many factors that needs consideration when a jurisdiction imposes a duty of care that will attract an ethical and legal difficulties. The pivotal argument put forth in cases in imposing a duty of care is that a fetus is solely dependent upon its mother for nutrition in order for it to develop healthily.[25] Hence, it is reasonable foreseeable that any negligent acts would have a undesirable impact on the unborn child. Unquestionably, the proximity test would satisfy the neighborhood principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson.[26] In addition, by imposing a duty of care, a mother will most likely act in the best interests of her unborn child. For example, a pregnant woman might refuse to attend medical checkups or follow medical advice that would benefit the unborn child. Also, she might refrain from harmful activities like smoking and drinking that will negatively impact upon an unborn child. ARGUMENTS AGAINST IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE. Some factors would prevent such a duty from being imposed due to the repercussions it might have on the society as well as in their personal lives. This mainly revolves around preserving the autonomy and privacy of a pregnant woman.[27] As discussed in this article, Cory J in Dobson v Dobson, made it clear that a pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights must be upheld as first and foremost, she is a human being and should be afforded the same rights as others. The courts are also reluctant on imposing a general duty of care as this would encourage children to sue their parents in negligence. If this trend continues, it could have adverse effects on the relationship between the mother and the child as well as the rest of its family.[28] However, this reason on its own is not sufficient to complete eradicate the duty of care owed to an unborn child. SUGGESTED APPROACH FOR AUSTRALIA? On one hand, it is very important for a mother to consider how her actions might have an impact on her unborn child, however, it is not in the hands of the judiciary to dictate how she should live her personal life as that would interfere with her right to privacy. While Australian courts have not imposed a general duty of care in such cases, it has not been rejected as well. 1 [1] Lenow, The Fetus as Patient: Emerging Rights as a Person?, 9 AM. J. L. MED. 1, 3 (1983). [2] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353. [3] LexisNexis, Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary, LexisNexis https://www.lexisnexis.com.au. [4] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 30 (Mahoney JA). [5] Beal, Can I Sue Mommy? An Analysis of a Womans Tort Liability for Prenatal Injuries to Her Child Born Alive, 21 San Diego L. Rev. 325, 326 (1984). [6] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 30 (Mahoney JA). [7] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 41 (Clarke JA) stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In principle it should be accepted that a person may be subjected to a duty of care to a child who was neither born nor conceived at the time of his careless acts or omissions such that he may be found liable in damages to that child.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [8] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353; Road Accident Fund v Mtati (332/2004) [2005] ZASCA 65; [2005] 3 All SA 340 [9] Yvonne Joyce McLennan v McCallum [2007] WADC 67. [10] Lynch v Lynch (1991) 25 NSWLR 411 affirmed in Bowditch v McEwan [2002] QCA 172. [11] Kate Wellington, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Maternal Liability for Prenatal Injury: The Preferable Approach for Australian Law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) 18 Tort Law Review 89, 90. [12] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 753 (Lamer CJ, LHeureux-DubÃÆ' ©, Gonthier, Cory, McLachlin, Iacobucci, Binnie JJ; Major, and Bastarache JJ dissenting). [13] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [19] (Cory J). [14] City of Kamloops v. Nielsen (1984) 2 SCR 2. [15] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 5. [16] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [76] (Cory J). [17] Winnipeg Child and Family Services (Northwest Area) v G (DF) [1997] 3 SCR 925. [18] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 9. [19] Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 (UK), s 2. [20] United Kingdom, Law Commission, Injuries to Unborn Children, Report No 60 (1974) Cmnd 5709, pp 53-64. [21] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353 affirmed in X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26. [22] Lynch v Lynch(by her tutor Lynch)(1991) 25 NSLR 411, 415 (Clarke JA). [23] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 8. [24] Manley v Alexander [2005] HCA 79. [25] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Polic y, 2013: 3. [26] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. [27] Bowditch (by his next friend Bowditch) v McEwan [2001] QSC 448, [10]. [28] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [46] (Cory J).

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What is the media in contemporary America? Media is the essential source of information about what is going on in America and the world. The media is where the vast majority of the people receive their information and news. The manipulation of the media can promote the death of freedom in modern America. The media is a great tool for information, but people should not give nearly all of their faith in them. The media evolved from an information channel to an entertainment source. Nearly every single media is revised by some high power such as the government. Most small children are becoming worse due to the influence of the media. Over the years, media has become more manipulative toward their viewers, trying to impose a one sided story in†¦show more content†¦An ethical appeal, or ethos, is where â€Å"writers often try to persuade readers to respect and believe them† (Axel 607). Nearly all of the audience do not tend to know the mass media personally, the media must try to present an image of themselves in their viewing that could gain their audience’s confidence. The media uses this tactic to gain trust in the people. With people’s trust in the hands of the media, lies can be made without the majority of the people realizing. The media is suppose to notify their audience about events going on in the community, not persuade the people in obtaining their faith and reliance. With the media controlling the hope of citizens, freedom can collapse like an old building scheduled for demolition. More than fifty-five percent of the Americans nationwide depend on some type of media for news about what is going on around them. The media has not always been â€Å"entertainment† news, real issues were talked about and informed to the people. In a single large paragraph, the development of the media is described. â€Å"In order to remain afloat, news has shifted to an entertainment mentality as well, often choosing to highlight the lives of celebrities rather than international affairs† (50 Years in Media: Changes in Journalism). Around the 1955, media did not base themselves to entertain people with their news, but rather inform the people. The last five decades has changed the foundation of the media. With new generations

David Vetter free essay sample

On September 21, 1971, an infant was born with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). The child was David Vetter III, third child of David Joseph Vetter Jr. and Carol Ann Vetter. The first child was Katherine and the second child (also named David Vetter III), died after seven months â€Å"Doctors said that the baby boy had been born with a defective thymus, a gland which is important in the functioning of the immune system, due to a genetic condition, SCID. Each further son the couple might conceive would have a 50% chance of inheriting the same condition. † (Montgomery, South, Wilson, 2006). However, a group of doctors told the Vetters that if they had another child with SCID, the child could be placed in a sterile isolator until a bone marrow transplant could be performed, using the older sister, Katherine, as a donor. The couple was eager to have another child, so, believing that after a short treatment their child could live a normal life, they decided to go through another pregnancy Medical Indications The hospital staff has made a heroic effort to create germ free conditions. After less than twenty seconds of exposure to the world, the baby is placed in a plastic isolator bubble that will protect him from disease. However, after the birth of David, it was discovered that Katherine was not a match, thus removing the possibility of the transplant. There had been no discussion of what would happen in this case, or how long the prospective child would remain in the bubble. The question we now have to ask is what is to be done baring the transplant? How long should or could the young boy survive in this isolation bubble. The ethics of keeping the child alive and isolated for the purpose of research is troubling to say the least, but what other steps can we take? In retrospect, the biggest ethical problem was the failure to plan for the worst-case scenario. In what seemed like an instant, the isolator had gone from a stopgap measure to Davids permanent home. Little more than an inflated balloon, the isolator was fed with a constant flow of filtered air. Comprised of a 5-foot by 3-foot living chamber, it was connected to an even smaller supply bubble. David had to be handled through thick black neoprene gloves, spaced at intervals throughout the isolator. Everything he ate, wore, or touched had to be sterilized with pericidic acid and placed inside steel capsules inserted through a system of air locks. Even Davids doctors were not certain it would hold up. Patient Preferences The initial decision came before David’s conception. This leaves little room or option for the patient, even though at his death at age 12, could he be responsible for his own medical decisions. The original doctors had agreed that they would stop treatment any time David and his family requested it. David was an intelligent and resourceful boy who had access to tools that could have opened up the isolator. David always had the power to step out into the world whenever he wanted. These types of decisions are made by parents for their children every day. Many types of genetic disorders can be detected before birth of a child and only the parent can make the decision to abort or not, the child ends up with a preordained destiny in these regards. Quality of Life Some information suggests that David was clearly terrified of the germ-filled world, does this mean he wanted to continue life in a bubble, maybe a question we can never answer. A psychiatric report indicates that David suffers from severe mood swings, has reverted to thumb sucking and obsessive rocking, and will probably encounter difficulties in his impending adolescence. He went through almost his entire life without human touch and normal interaction. This role of nurturing is very intrinsic to a child’s development, and a lack of nurture may have drastic affects. Children who are not nurtured, and who are socially isolated, may become physiologically and psychologically deformed. Contextual Features The ethics of keeping the child alive and isolated for the purpose of research is troubling to say the least, but what other steps could have been taken? Current bioethics makes equivalence between ending extraordinary life-saving care and never beginning it. That is, removing David from the bubble later in life should be morally equivalent to never having put him in it in the first place. More than 90 percent of infants diagnosed with SCID are now successfully treated with bone marrow transplants. Long-term isolation is no longer offered as a treatment option. One of David’s Doctors â€Å"William Shearer† told the press, Davids life was important, but his greatest contribution medically was his death, because with this information, we will be able to treat other children with this disease. Shearer was prescient, but those who thought he was suggesting that David was more valuable dead than alive easily misinterpreted his statement. The key modifier was medically. Although Davids life support system was revolutionary, new procedures were already superseding them, and no other children were likely to be raised in bubbles. Davids autopsy and blood sample, however, helped researchers understand and repair the immune systems of other children with the same affliction. Case Analysis: David was born lacking the cells needed to fight infections. Therefore, he can get sick and die from ailments most people would not even sneeze at. Once, placed in the bubble, it would be impossible to judge which options should or even could have been taken to prevent the situation prolonged for 12 years. In retrospect, the biggest ethical problem was the failure to plan for the worst-case scenario. It was not until Davids autopsy that the cause of his death became known. Katherines bone marrow had contained traces of a dormant virus. Once inside Davids defenseless body, the virus had spread rapidly, producing hundreds of cancerous tumors. Proof that a virus can cause cancer was probably the most important of the many medical insights that emerged from Davids case. If these discoveries had done little to help David, they would help to treat thousands of immune compromised children in the future. Yet some continued to question whether David himself had borne too high a price for the advancement of medicine. Kept alive for almost 13 years by experimental research, David lived with an incurable disease for his father, who desperately wanted a son, and for the scientists who salivated at the thought of studying him. He did not live for himself.

A Rose For Emily Essay Questions Example For Students

A Rose For Emily Essay Questions Outline1 Introduction2 Outline3 Story Review4 Themes in A Rose for Emily4.1 Death4.2 Resistance to Change4.3 Secrecy4.4 Tolerance5 Conclusion Introduction A Rose for Emily  by William Faulkner is a short story recounted in the first person by an unnamed narrator from a town in the south. Incidents in the story are described thematically and not chronologically, hence there is no sequential order of events. Its allegorical title has been interpreted by many as a symbolism of secrecy since the narrator does not give away Miss Emily’s secrets. It has also been understood to symbolize Homer, the man she was to marry. Just like a dried rose petal can be well kept in a book for a long time, Miss Emily lived and cared for his corpse like it meant everything to her. Outline In a critical analysis essay on A Rose for Emily, whether argumentative or narrative, you will need to write about topics from the story that can be discussed exhaustively. Below is an outline that you should follow if you want to express your ideas correctly: Have a topic. You can choose to focus on a theme, style or give the plot analysis of A Rose for Emily. Ensure that it is catchy and has enough points to support it. The thesis statement It is the main objective of your essay. You have to state it in the introduction and conclusion of your composition. Body It consists of points building up your story. Normally a 2-3 paragraph body works just fine since this is a short tale. Conclusion You will summarize your literary work in the conclusion, restating the main points and giving the final verdict of your argument. Story Review A Rose for Emily  begins with her funeral where the narrator starts to recount her life story. She was the daughter of Mr. Grierson, a wealthy man in the south. Her father loved her so much, and he brought her up by his side, not letting her have a normal social life. She secluded from the rest of the town all her life. He would not let her get married, and this shaped her into the reclusive person she became all her life and more so in its last days. At the age of 30, Mr. Grierson dies, and Miss Emily is left to grieve for days. She even refused to let go of his body, and the town let her grieve because he was her closest family member. After his demise, Tobe, Miss Emily’s black butler tends to her needs. Ironically, he and the man she was to marry were the only people she associated with closely, yet all her life her father kept her from men. Homer was a laborer from the north who has visited the south. She took a romantic interest in him after the accepting the death of Mr. Grierson and wanted to marry him, but he was not a marrying man. Emily is spotted purchasing poison at a local shop, and whispers spread that she may kill herself. Her distant cousins come and live with and care for her, and Homer leaves Emilys home shortly after for some days. He comes back one evening after the cousins have gone, and is never seen again. After some days, there is a smell that comes from Miss Emily’s house, but Colonel Sartoris, the mayor of Jefferson town, orders some me to sprinkle lime around her house. The smell disappears. He also exempted her from paying taxes because of the gentleman’s agreement he had with her father. Mr. Grierson had loaned the town money, and this was his way of paying back. .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .postImageUrl , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:hover , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:visited , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:active { border:0!important; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:active , .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884 .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc160b1cb8ba6f822d0c19909d44d2884:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Contraception EssayAs age catches up with Miss Emily, new governance rules this town, but she still won’t pay her taxes. She argues that there was an agreement to this, and she is pardoned. She is then observed to keep to herself much and rarely leaves the house. Only Tobe was allowed in readily. The townspeople considered her as a hereditary obligation, and they tolerated her. She had a sad life. Her funeral was attended by many, including Tobe, who did not show much emotion. After she was buried, some townsmen went to her house and found Homer’s belongings still intact. His corpse lay on the bed, decomposed. They also found a pillow and strands of hair next to him; he was a rose for Emily. Themes in A Rose for Emily Death William Faulkner begins the narration at the funeral of Miss Emily. It is the main foundation of this book, and everything else is built in relation to her death. Grierson dies, and this leaves Emily in denial. She weeps for a long time. His demise is the beginning of changes in her life. Homer dies, and this brings some satisfaction to Emily since she can have him all to herself. Resistance to Change When Mr. Grierson dies, Miss Emily refuses to let go of his corpse because she cannot come to terms with his demise. It this case, she resists change. Emily accepts this death and changes her hairstyle to look lively. She meets a man and wants to get married. When she realizes that she wants him for herself, she kills him so that he would never leave her bedside. She dreaded change. When the new mayor asks her to pay her taxes, she declines and says they should stick to the old agreement. Secrecy Miss Emily’s home was not open to all. Only Tobe and Homer frequented the place, and it looked suspicious. After her burial, the locked door in her house was opened, and her secret was out. Locked doors symbolize her secretiveness. The lady preferred living in isolation and secluded from the rest of the town. Tolerance Parents sent their children to Miss Emily’s house for china painting lessons, and this brought joy to her. The community did this to help her accept Mr. Grierson’s death When a strong smell was detected from her house, civic had lime sprinkled around her house She refused to pay taxes, and they let her be. Conclusion A Rose for Emily  brought out the main character as a person with a disturbed social life who made choices that would be deemed weird to a normal person’s eye. However, she was kind to the children in town and respected Tobe. It is such a sad thing that she only loved once and loved to death.